Author: analegeo (Page 2 of 6)

Dynamics and regional disparities of the foreign direct investments in Romania

Mihaela LICURICI
Abstract

The present study aims to evaluate the linkages between one of the most important instruments of economic globalization, namely foreign direct investments/FDI and regional social-economic characteristics. The research focuses on the dynamics and territorial differentiations registered by the FDI in Romania, underlaying the advantages of the host area in terms of economic growth, job creation, stimulation of technology transfer and trade.

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Impact of land use/land cover on urban heat island (UHI) within Bucharest area

Sorin AVRAM Irina ONȚEL Ștefan NEGREANU
Abstract

Environmental issues, in the context of climate change attracted the attention of researchers, government organizations and NGOs, which cooperate to find solutions on the greenhouse effect and decrease carbon dioxide in urban areas. Urban planning could play a key role in minimizing climate risks for the human environment. Bucharest is a very dynamic capital-city in terms of economy and demography and thus its urban extension, along new built-up areas and changes of land use/land cover, has a direct influence on many environmental issues, for example the variation of spatial distribution of temperatures. Over the past 30 years, the urban landscape in Bucharest has been changing as new elements were newly constructed or transformed: numerous residential neighbourhoods in the city and mostly in its peripheral areas, vast commercial areas, business centres, etc. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the relationship between land cover/land use classes and temperature variations, identified by satellite imagery. Therefore, satellite imagery provided by Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI/TIR, Sentinel 1 scenes acquired from the years 1990, 2000, 2007, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 were selected for this study. The spatial resolution is 30 m for Landsat images in order to demonstrate the correlation between land use/land cover changes and LST estimation. A multi-temporal analysis was also conducted. Nowadays, high-resolution satellite imagery may contribute greatly to the monitoring of green spaces, saving time and money.

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Comparative case study regarding the urban evolution form of three european capital cities using GIS

Adelina NENIU Cristiana VÎLCEA
Abstract

Urban settlements have always been attractive for the population throughout the history for a better living purposes, working opportunities or even good places for robbery during the wars or migrations. Depending on natural conditions, history or migratory events, cities around the world had known a spectacular evolution over the time, knowing different stages of organized or chaotic growth of their form. Regardless of the population increase registered in the past or the present demographic decline which affects most of the European states, the main cities continued to extend their area. This research presents, in a comparative study, the evolution of three European capitals (Bucharest, Paris and Madrid) in different moments of the history, starting with the 15th century. The study also includes an analysis of the demographic evolution. Using old cartographic resources, recent satellite images and open access databases, the authors analyse the evolution of the form and main directions of urban extension of the three European capitals in relation to the natural conditions and main roads. All data and cartographic resources had been processed and represented using open-source GIS software.

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Green tourism principles in Romania

Mirela MAZILU Loredana DRAGOMIR Sabina GHEORGHECI
Abstract

Global trends and priorities change: more than ever the overarching challenge for the tourism sector is to remain competitive while also embracing sustainability recognizing that, in the long term, competitiveness depends on sustainability. In particular, climate change is now seen as a fundamental issue also requiring the tourism industry to reduce its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and the destinations to adapt to changes in the pattern of demand and in the types of tourism they offer.
The dynamics, depth and scale of transformations in all sectors of economic and social life are reflected, inter alia, in the change of economic structures, the hierarchy of the branches in accordance with the requirements of scientific and technical progress, the rational exploitation of the full potential of resources and the increase in efficiency, with the requirements of the life quality improvement. At the same time, major changes are taking place in economic growth models by focusing on intensive types, towards areas of sustainable development, globalization and integration. In this context, tourism manifests itself as a social component, with significant participation in general progress and,

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Cross-border cooperation programmes – from premises to achievements. Tourism within Romania-Serbia border region as case study

Liliana POPESCU Amalia NIȚĂ Cristina ȘOȘEA
Abstract

The INTERREG IPA Cross-border cooperation programme, among other numerous programmes initiated by the European Union, offers ample opportunities for cooperation and social and economic development of neighbouring countries. Within the IPA CBC Romania-Serbia programme, the eligible area for joint action and financing includes three Romanian counties and five Serbian districts, empowering various institutions, local authorities and private non-profit organizations to develop new partnerships and projects to benefit the local and regional economy. The paper aims to assess the territorial impact of the cross-border cooperation programme at the Romanian-Serbian border, with focus on the tourism sector, focusing on the economic, social and cultural outputs of the projects, such as investments, key statistical tourism data, cultural events, local community benefits. Within the two programming periods, 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, tourism was ranked among the main pillars of development, either as a measure within the first priority axis during the first period, or as a major priority axis – Attractiveness for sustainable tourism during the latter. Thus, there were financed 30 tourism related projects, totalling some 15 mil US$, where local authorities were the leader for most projects during the first programming period, while after 2014, the non-governmental organisations account for almost half of the projects leaders. Not always, the municipalities with highest inflows of finances are those with the highest increase in the number of tourists, nights spent or significant visibility.

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Dynamics and demographic structure of urban settlements within Brașov depression

Cristina ȘOȘEA
Abstract

Brașov Depression represents a case study with special demographic features in a regional and national context. Densely-populated territory, with a numerical evolution generally ascending until 1989 given the successive colonization waves and subsequent pronatalist and massive industrialization measures, the mountainous basin of Brașov aligns to the general post-communist demographic evolutions with a certain moderation, given the particular features of the area.

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Preliminary study of the phreatic waters at the confluence of Cerna and Olteț rivers, getic piedmont (Romania)

Constantin ENACHE Oana MITITELU-IONUȘ

Abstract

In the Olteț floodplain, the alluvium contains a small-thickness aquifer phreatic, consisting of small pebbles and sands remodelled from the deposits brought by the upstream river; these are store rock suitable for significant groundwater accumulation. The research used hydrogeological data made available by the Olt Water Administration (12 observation wells) and its own measurements made between October 2017-May 2018. The observation drillings, taken into account, are located on a West-East alignment, located after the confluence of the Cerna River with the Olteț River within the area of Bălcești-Băbeni-Otetelișu localities. At the Cerna-Oltet confluence, the hydrostatic level of the groundwater aquifer is at depths between 187.43 cm – F1 Oteteliş and 179.44 cm – F3 Bălceşti (average multiannual for the period 2007-2016). The analysis of the lithological columns and the measurements of the hydrostatic levels in the observation wells led to the highlighting of the location of the drilling on hydrogeological sections and to the drawing of the variation of the hydrostatic levels of the hydro-hips map. The results obtained from the measurements on the hydrostatic level from 3 wells located in the study area between October 2017-May 2018 were corroborated with the specialized literature, more exactly hydrological and climatic research. Consequently, the present study confirms and explains the contribution of groundwater from the meadow to the flow of the Olteţ and Cerna Rivers in the confluence sector.
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Lithological characteristics and structural implications for the relief within the Gilort basin (Romania)

Emil MARINESCU

Abstract

The study highlights the structural and lithological implications within the three morphological sectors of the Gilort hydrographic basin. Within the mountaineous sector, there are mostly obsecvent glacial cirques, since this versant, although developed on the southern flank of the main ridge anticline, descends northwards, towards the glacial cirques Groapa Mândrei-Mohoru, situated southwards of the main ridge. The obsecvent character of the cirques causes a steep aspect of the slopes and the emergence of some shelf counter-slope. Within the Subcarpathians sector, most of the landslides occur on the strata end of cuestas or subsequent at the upper parts of the torrential valleys. The typical example of landslides along the cuestas can be found along the Giovria valley, where there are also some forms of slope undercutting due to torrential erosion within Pliocene deposits, alternating with marls, clays and sands, gathered in a folded and faulted structure (Câlnic anticline). Within the piedmont sector, the slopes of the valleys that cut through the Jiu Hills are heavily affected by present modelling process, and the river beds are drown in alluvia. On the left slope of the Gilort river basin, the neotectonic movements and modelling agents dug out strips of Romanian deposits. The predominantly clayish facies of these formations has caused recent landslides on the deforested slopes from the Vladimir basin, while the relief on Pleistocene sands and gravels is affected by ravines (the left slope) and landfalls with large steep slopes (right slope).
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Environmental management systems, instruments to achieve sustainable development goals

Lavinia CRIȘU Cristian RĂDUCĂ

Abstract

We are witnessing an intensification of efforts to align states to “Transforming our world,” imposed by the need to maintain the balance between the environment, society, and the economy. The article signals the emergence of National Sustainable Development Strategy 2030 and its main objectives. The management systems required by an organization to manage environmental aspects are presented in a comparative manner: The Community Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) and ISO 14001: 2015 Standard – “Environmental Management Systems. Requirements with user guide “. The authors appreciate that at the level of organizations, experience in the field of ISO certification: 9001 and 14001 has to be capitalized to meet sustainable development goals. It is highlighted the fact that certification of any environmental management system (EMAS and / or ISO guidelines) brings benefits for sustainable development through better use of raw materials and resources. Proposals are made on continuous training with new concepts, collaboration between certification bodies and authorities.
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The ecological dimension of Craiova municipality. Case study: Craiovița Nouă district

Gheorghe CURCAN Ioan Eustațiu MARINESCU

Abstract

The inhabitants of Craiovița Nouă district, like most of the people of Craiova, presently live in an urban environment marked by numerous dysfunctions. The study of different aspects related to the state of the urban environment in this district enabled us to identify the following types of dysfunctions: household waste management, lack of modern road infrastructure, chaotic parking even within green spaces, high percentage of asphalt and concrete surfaces, air, water, soil and noise pollution, uneven distribution of green urban spaces, unpleasant odours caused by household waste, sewage or gases released into the atmosphere from various sources.
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Planning and landscaping the main ecosystems in Craiova municipality

Gilda CIORECAN

Abstract

The importance of this study of landscape architecture results from the fact that it classifies the landscaped ecosystems on the territory of Craiova, describes the main parks and gardens within the city perimeter (both in terms of spatial characteristics and evolution over time) and emphasizes their complex importance (under ecological, sanitary, aesthetic, educational and spatial planning report). Emphasizing the need to protect and extend the areas belonging to landscaped ecosystems, this paper identifies and proposes several directions of action in this regard: proper maintenance of parks and gardens, both in terms of diversity and the richness of the current floristic fund, as well as in terms of the existing endowments; integral arrangement of Craioviţa and Comiţoiu parks as rest and relaxation spaces (in this sense, the transformation of Lake Craioviţa into a real recreational area and for the practice of water sports is of special importance); the extension of the surfaces owned by the arranged ecosystems by transforming into squares or public gardens some vacant lands from the new neighbourhoods; improving the degree of arrangement of the parks and gardens of Craiova; restoration of street alignments damaged over time and their development by arranging arteries without such alignments; increasing the area owned by the species of trees and shrubs that are most indicated in the ecological conditions of Craiova, taking into account the current climatic trends and the possibilities of diminishing their effects; carrying out actions to raise awareness of the role that the population can play in protecting and enlarging the areas of landscaped ecosystems. In conclusion, we express our hope that this work will be a useful tool in the future management of the landscaped ecosystems in Craiova.
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Dolj County education system – diagnosis and reception basins of geographical students

Cristina ȘOȘEA Diana Cristiana ȚIGANTELE

Abstract

The main purpose of the paper is, on the one hand, to outline a complete image of the education system in Dolj County and, on the other hand, to explain the general characteristics and causes that conditioned each element of Dolj county’s educational system. The present research analyzes the territorial discrepancies and the dynamics in time of the situation registered in Dolj, from the perspective of the following aspects: educational infrastructure of Dolj county (schools, classrooms, school laboratories, gyms, sports fields, PCs), human resources in the education system, the county’s school population and its evolution, students enrolled in higher education by specialization. A special attention was paid to students in Geography and Geography of Tourism.
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Temporal changes in pluvial continentality over Oltenia plain

Alina VLĂDUŢ

Abstract

There are analysed the variability and trends of pluvial continentality over the Oltenia Plain for the period 1961 to 2018. The datasets cover monthly precipitation amounts from seven meteorological stations, based on which there were calculated five specific continentality indices: Vemičs index of precipitation and seasonal precipitation quotients (RShy/RWhy, RWin/RSum, RWin/RSpr, RAut/RSpr). In terms of spatial distribution, continentality generally increases eastwards. The variability of the pluvial continentality was analysed by the mean of ten-year intervals, while linear regression and the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test were used to emphasize any trend present in the datasets. Linear regression did not highlight a significant upward or downward trend, while Mann-Kendall test illustrated a monotonic upward trend all over the analysed region for RAut/RSpr mainly induced by the increase of the precipitation amount during autumn. The results are statistically significant for the eastern and western extremities of the plain.
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Soil erosion and landslides in Izvorul Muntelui lake area

Ioana Monica MUSCALU

Abstract

The basin of Lake Izvorul Muntelui, is located in the Carpathian Flysch, being limited by the slopes that belong to the Ceahlău, Bistriței, Stânișoarei Mountains. Due to the alternation of detrital deposits with different hardness, the slopes around the lake are affected by various forms of degradation, determined either by gravitational processes, such as; landslides, collapses or solifluxions, or processes and denudational phenomena such as: gutters, ravines, torrents. Of these processes, landslides are predominant, because in the petrographic structure of the flysh there are mainly rocks with advanced plasticity in contact with water, especially clays, marne or marny-clayey shale. The most landslides affected localities are: Poiana Teiului, Hangu, Bicaz, where hundreds of such gravitational processes have been identified, the effects of which are the destruction of households, dwellings, household annexes, blocking of communication routes, splitting villages in two parts by the transported and deposited deluvial material, but also the impediment of the traffic on DN 15, its blocking, the interruption of the traffic or its deviation. After the inventory of lands degraded land affected by landslides and the map of soil erosion, a series of amelioration measures were proposedin order to reduce the effects of these geomorphological processes.
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Evaluation of degradation status for three caves in Romania

Ștefan NEGREANU

Abstract

Cave ecosystem research has known a growing interest in the last years. Nonetheless there is more to be found out about underground world of caves. The difficulty of access and rapid change of conditions that might occur in many cases, among other factors make the survey of this kind of environment a hard task to accomplish. This paper applies on three caves from Romania, the attempts made by other authors in assessing the degree of cave environment degradation. Method used combines characteristics of both subterranean and supraterranen domains associated to caves.
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Current demographic characteristics of the roma community in Dolj County

Costela IORDACHE

Abstract

The current paper aims at presenting the demographic elements of the Roma community within Dolj county, according to the statistical data from 2011 census. The main hypothesis of the study was that Roma form a national minority with a peculiar demographic behaviour, different from that of other minorities. The analysis of the demographic characteristics of the Roma community within Dolj county focused on the following elements: territorial distribution, population growth during the 1992-2011 period, the share of Roma persons in the total population, the age and gender structure, economic activities, education level and religious adherence.
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ICTs and the new players in the digital economy in the city of Yaoundé (Cameroon): the case of the maintenance of technological and electronic equipment

Clotaire NDZIE SOUGA Gilbert BAMBOYE FONDZE

Abstract

Like most African countries, Cameroon benefits from the advantages of the use of Information and Communication Technologies. Faced with the emergence of the digital economy that influences all of contemporary society, there is the emergence and high consumption of computer, technological and electronic equipment by urban and rural populations in Cameroon. In Yaoundé, this situation is observed in the popularisation of the mobile phone, the creation of start-ups, multimedia centres and especially the use of computers of all kinds. This digital economy is at the origin of the emergence of new actors whose main role is the maintenance of this increasingly sophisticated technological equipment. In the city of Yaoundé, these actors work daily in centres or structures that ensure the maintenance of the said devices in case of breakdown or mishandling. This research analyses the socio-economic and spatial implications of handling these technological equipments in Yaoundé. It is based on ab survey of 203 Yaoundé’s technology and electronics repair workshops conducted between 2014 and 2017, as well as direct interviews with 192 customers who solicited and obtained the services of these micro-enterprises. Thus, the implantations of the micro-computer and technological maintenance companies in this city have considerable socio-economic and spatial consequences through the creation of jobs and incomes as well as the undeniable strategies of the actors both in the conquest of the market and the occupation of urban space and the territory of Yaoundé.
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Changes in the spatial pattern of permanent immigration in post-communist Romania – an overview

Cristina ȘOȘEA Liliana POPESCU
Abstract

Current migration processes require special assessment and attention due to their complexity and multiple socio-economic implications. The forms of international migration have only recently intensified in Romania due to the barriers imposed by the former communist regime, but their influence on population dynamics is certainly significant and the effects on national economy and demographic vitality of the country are undeniable. Although mainly recognized as an emigration country at the beginning of the post-communist period, Romania is recently going through a period of accentuated intensification of immigrant flows.
Starting with the 1990s, the share of immigrant flows in the net international migration balance has changed in dynamics, motivations, structure, specialization, forms, spatial intensity and consequences etc. This research presents a territorialized analysis of immigration to Romania in the period comprised between 1990-2017, which presents a high mediatic and scientific interest, given the volume and importance of the phenomenon.

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Winter air temperature characteristics within Oltenia plain

Alina VLĂDUŢ

Abstract

The interannual and decadal variability and trends of winter (December to February) air temperature over the Oltenia Plain area is analysed for the period 1961 to 2010. The datasets cover monthly temperatures from six meteorological stations. The variability of the temperature data was analysed by means of standard deviation, the mean of three distinct sub-periods (1961-1990, 1971-2000, 1981-2010), as well as the mean of ten-year intervals. Linear regression and the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test were used to emphasize any trends present in the datasets. From the temporal variations viewpoint, an increase in temperature is observed particularly in the third and fourth decades, as the average values for the last decade mark a slight decrease in temperature. From the spatial distribution viewpoint, the most significant positive deviations characterize the northern and western part of the plain. Mann-Kendall test illustrates a monotonic upward trend all over the analysed region, but the results are not statistically significant except for the aforementioned parts of the plain for the entire winter season and February.

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Present-day geomorphological processes in the Vediţa catchment

Alina BEJINARIU  Anişoara STAN

Abstract

The river Vediţa is situated in the middle section of the Cotmeana Piemont. It is delimitated Westwards by the hydrographical basin of the Vedea river and Eastwards by the hydrographical basin of the Cotmeana river. From a geological point of view, it is located in the Getic Ground, which was a sedimentation area. This area is made up of Cândesti Stata which are made of sand in alternation with gravel with lens of clay. This geological structure is the main factor for the present dynamics of the relief. In the hydrographical basin of the Vediţa river, the main processes regarding the relief dynamics are: torrents, scrunb in area, landslips and landslides. There are some elements which influence this processes, such as: the relief characteristics, the human land use and the climate parameters.

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Characteristics of demographical dynamics in the rural space of Constanţa county

Narcizia ŞTEFAN-TODICĂ

Abstract

This paper is meant to analyse the natural dynamics of Constanta county in the rural space between 1992-2011. This study is based on the necessity of highlighting the changes in the natural dynamic of the rural population as a result of a gathering of economic, political, social, natural and cultural factors that took place between the studied interval. The analysed rural territory consist of 58 communes that differ from one another from socio-economic point of view, aspect that determines several demographical patterns. A series of indicators (birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase and vitality index) were considered and correlated using data from the censuses of population and the statistical records of the territorial administrative units (communes) in order to reflect the quantitative and qualitative changes in demographic dynamics in rural space analysed.

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The demographic profile of the urban settlements in the mountainous disadvantaged area of Oltenia

Costela IORDACHE  Claudia FLORESCU

Abstract

The purpose of the present study is to present the demographic characteristics of the urban settlements situated in the mountainous disadvantaged area of the South-West Development Region, Oltenia. Following our analysis, several aspects have been asserted: the numerical evolution of the population and identifying categories of urban settlements as resulting from the demographic dynamics, the natural and territorial movement of the population, the demographic behaviour expressed by demographic potential and marriage stability, the indicators pointing out gender, age, ethnical and confessional structure of the population.

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Education in Bucharest City and its metropolitan area. Challenges, targets and opportunities

Florentina-Cristina MERCIU  Loreta CERCLEUX  Irina SAGHIN

Abstract

Education is a key factor in economic development, in achieving jobs, social prestige, in improving the heath system, the cultural participation. Improving participation in education, reducing school dropouts, increasing the proportion of population following secondary and tertiary education are proposed solutions to reduce poverty, social exclusion, low paid jobs. The purpose of this article is to analyze the evolution of the population in terms of its inclusion in various level of education in Bucharest and its metropolitan area during the 1990-2010.

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The industry and economic dynamics of a tropical metropolis, assessment and stakes: the case of the town of Yaoundé in Cameroon

Clotaire NDZIE SOUGA

Abstract

In Yaoundé, the industry is an important link to socio-economic life. Since the beginning of the 2000 decade, this activity has been creating pulling centres for the active population through the rich and diversified labour market in the urban and suburban spaces. This study examines the role of industrial location in Yaoundé and their effects on the economy and territory of this town. The specialisations of industrial sectors as well as the nature of capital involved in the creation of the industries of this space are most of the indicators that show the socioeconomic and spatial dynamics of the town.

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Touristification of loess sequences in Vojvodina

Nada VIDIC

Abstract

Geodiversity on our planet has been integrated into tourismas a special form of tourism: geotourism. In focus research are of loess sequences in Vojvodina (Serbia), as geoscience product and potential tourism resources. Loess sequences spread out on the 60% of the territory of Vojvodina. Analytical method and observation method was shown, the degree of geological research of loess sequences in Vojvodina (13 loess profiles), (1st goal of research). Scientifically researched loess sequences are located on the banks of rivers Danube and rivers Tisza. Applying the model of touristification the proposed steps and actions in the transformation of loess geosciences products into loess tourism product (2nd goal of research).

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Risk and resilience in the sustainable development of tourism

Mirela MAZILU

Abstract

Tourism does not occur out of “nothingness”, an indefinite space, but it is an activity inserted in a particular geographical and sociocultural entity developed in a certain historical-political-geographic space and which has its own centres for potential, power and sustainable development force, interest groups, etc., with a special consistency and resiliency.
The significant resilience of Romanian tourism is that ability to withstand shocks, even to adapt well to “n” challenging situations like the economic crisis, the latest attacks launched in major capitals and tourist destinations (Istanbul, Paris, flues of all kinds, either avian or swine, the war in Ukraine, which favoured the development of cruise tourism, etc.), from which the Romanian tourism has emerged victorious, transforming many of these “shocks” into opportunities, emerging ever more powerful on the regional and international tourism market, itself subject to multiple metamorphoses.

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Types of evaluation used in extracurricular didactic-geographic activities

Elisabeta CIOCAN Oana IONUŞ

Abstract

Extracurricular didactic-geographic activities contribute to the enhancing and the evaluation of the knowledge assimilated by the students during class hours. During these activities, the students can directly observe the phenomena and processes in nature, not being forced to use substitutes of reality as learning tools. Through the practical exercises performed, teamwork, the student-student, teacher-student relationship are improved. Students rediscover the motivation to learn, get involved in decision-making, approach innovatively: learning, transferring theoretical knowledge in practical activities.

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The climatic risk of the pluviometric deficit regime in the cold semester. A comparative study between the Oltenia plain and the Southern Dobruja Plateau

Iulica VĂDUVA  Ion MARINICĂ  Andreea Floriana MARINICĂ

Abstract

This paper analyses the pluviometric deficit regime during the cold semester, in the Oltenia Plain and the Southern Dobruja Plateau in the last half of the century (beginning with 1961), by treating comparatively this issue. The climatic evolutions in the last interval of time refer both to the tendency of sudden fall of atmospheric precipitations and to the tendency of air temperature increase in the last decades. The scanty precipitations registered for years on Earth extended surfaces led to phenomena of drought, which have been signalled also on the territory of our country, including in the two analysed regions. The significant differences we have found prove clearly the tendency of climate aridity in these regions situated in the two southern, south-western and namely south-eastern extremes of Romania.

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Assessing flood magnitude and frequency. Case study: 2013 spring floods on the Jiu river, Filiași – Craiova sector (South-West Romania)

Oana IONUŞ  Mihaela DOBRE  Elisabeta CIOCAN

Abstract

The main objective of the study is to use the statistical models to analyse the probability of flood and the joint of temporal variability of the flood peaks and their seasonality. The case study refers to the 2013 spring floods on the Jiu River, Filiași-Craiova sector. Thus, in order to obtain several features of the maximum discharge, the maximum values, the increasing and decreasing time also the frequency of occurrence, one of largest floods is analysed. The data used were recorded at 3 hydrometrical stations on the Jiu River for a common period of 10 years.
The hydrological analysis is based on two methods of the maximum flow values: Mann-Kendal test and Gumbel distribution. In the first part, we have identified if it’s a trend or not in the data series of the annual maximum discharge using Mann-Kendall trend test and the results were obvious, both statistically and graphically. The annual trend at two hydrometrical stations is of decrease (Test Z values: -1.58, Filiași hydrometrical station and -0.81, Răcari hydrometrical station), while at the hydrometrical station that closes the analysed sector is an increasing trend (Test Z value: 0.62, Podari hydrometrical station).
The Gumbel distribution is used to process the data from a long observation period of the maximum values. Applying this method to the flood data registered at the three hydrometric stations along the Jiu river are corresponding certain return periods (years) as follows: 1,140 cm/s registered at Filiași hydrometrical station has a 15 years return period; 1,447 cm/s reached at Răcari hydrometrical station has a 24 years return period; 1,309 cm/s recorded at Podari hydrometrical station has a 27 years return period. The above-mentioned values confirm the magnitude of the maximum flow at Răcari and Podari hydrometrical stations and anticipate the potential damage.
The flood frequency analysis using statistical models is important and also required in Romania given that the statistics of extreme events plays an important role in the engineering practice of water resources management.

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Viewpoints on relief evolution and the hydrographical system of the southern Iezer Mountains between Valea Mare-Pravăț and Stoenești-Cetățeni

Mihai IELENICZ  Anișoara STAN

Abstract

In the development of the hydrographical network from the south of the Iezer Mountains between Valea Mare-Pravăţ and Stoeneşti-Cetăţeni one can distinguish three periods: inferior-Miocene, in which there is visible a wide valley with psefit-peltic accumulations in the surrounding sea basin; medium Miocene – Pliocene with clearly-cut valleys in the mountains, with the presence of some debris from a field close by to the mountains, on which valley chutes have transversely extended; intermittent tectonic movements have been detected in this period, which have triggered both slight elevations and mild dips that have led during the Pliocene towards a sedimentary environment. In the Romanian upper-Pliocene in which the mountain elevations are finally settled down, there are breaks into the non-proclivity crests from the sub-Carpathians, which determine an asymmetrical proclivity-inclined couloir towards the mountain. New generations of torrential valleys come up, which are transversely oriented on the previous ones (springing from the mountains

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